<h1 style="MARGIN: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt;"><span style="COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">诱食剂在水产养殖中的应用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red;"><p></p></span></h1><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">文章来源:</span><span style="COLOR: #000099; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">中国饲料</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 更新时间:</span><chsdate year="2002" month="12" day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" wst="on"></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #000099; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2002-12-17</span><chsdate></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #000099; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">集美大学水产学院营养与病害教研室<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>郭松林<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>席<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>峰<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">l </span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">诱食剂的特点<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">鱼虾诱食剂是以鱼虾的摄食生理为理论基础研制的,是指能将鱼虾吸引到食物周围并激起其食欲进而促其摄食的一类物质。因此,鱼虾诱食剂应包含两方面的物质:一是引诱摄饵物质,二是促进摄饵物质。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">研究发现,鱼虾诱食剂的类型与鱼虾食性有关。一般来说,肉食和杂食性鱼类对碱性和中性物质较敏感,而草食性鱼类则对酸性物质较敏感。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">诱食剂的作用机理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">诱食剂主要由具有一定挥发性的天然物质(如从植物的根、茎、叶、花、果等提取的浓缩物)和人工合成香味原料(如醛、酮、醇、酸、酯、醚等化合物)配制而成。诱食剂是一种色、香、味统一的结合体。诱食剂的特点是:一般具有鲜艳的色彩,能刺激视觉,引起食欲;散发浓郁的香气,感染周围的环境,通过刺激嗅觉,诱导动物采食;具有良好的适口性,能刺激味觉,促进动物采食。色、香、味协同作用,构成饲料诱食剂的基本特征。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">水产用诱食剂一般都是根据鱼类最喜食的动植物提取物中所含的化学成分,配成人工合成提取物,通过因子除去试验而逐渐确定下来的。它往往含有二种以上的化合物,这些化合物对鱼的摄食刺激有协同作用。诱食剂通过刺激鱼类的嗅觉、味觉和视觉等使其聚集到饲料周围,加快摄食,提高采食量。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">在很大程度上,影响鱼类对食物的选择行为是食物本身性状的信息特征,在水环境中化学信息显得特别重要。在隔光和有流水的特定试验条件下,发现只有化学溶出物的信息特点和水流刺激对鱼类的趋食行为起作用,而在动物完成吞咽动作时味觉起关键作用。诱食剂就是根据鱼类的这一特点而研制的。鱼类的视觉能感受到颜色的刺激及光的明暗,嗅觉使鱼类有感觉气味的能力,能接受和区别水体中较低浓度化学物质的刺激,从而可寻觅和辨别食物;鱼类的味蕾几乎遍布身体的各个部位,能感受化学物质的刺激。鱼类在水中接近某种饵料物质时,嗅觉和味觉均立即产生效应并相互配合,决定是否接近乃至最后摄取。饲料中添加诱食剂可从颜色、散发的气味及口味等方面给鱼类以刺激,促进鱼类摄食。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">鱼虾诱食剂的种类及应用<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">鱼虾诱食剂能改善饲料适口性,提高摄食量及饲料利用率,此外还能减轻水质污染,从而降低鱼类的发病率、死亡率,增加经济效益。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">l<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>氨基酸及其混合物氨基酸是良好的鱼类诱食剂,根据鱼类的食性,肉食鱼类对碱性和中性氨基酸敏感,而草食鱼类对酸性氨基酸敏感。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">l</span>.<span lang="EN-US">l<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>单一氨基酸<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>氨基酸对不同鱼类的诱食活性效果完全不同。<span lang="EN-US">L</span>一丙氨酸是虹鳟、大西洋鲑电生理反应的有效刺激剂(<span lang="EN-US">Haral</span>,<span lang="EN-US">1976</span>)。<span lang="EN-US">Mearns</span>(<span lang="EN-US">1986</span>)认为,<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>蛋氨酸能刺激鳟鱼苗的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>食物搜索<span lang="EN-US">”</span>活性。<span lang="EN-US">Jones </span>(<span lang="EN-US">1989</span>)报道,尽管<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>胱氨酸没有活性,但<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>蛋氨酸与牛磺酸中的硫原子可能对适口性很重要。刘德芳(<span lang="EN-US">1993</span>)用浓度<span lang="EN-US">10<sup>-3</sup></span>~<span lang="EN-US">10<sup>-9</sup> mol</span>/<span lang="EN-US">L</span>的氨基酸对鱼类进行试验,结果表明虹鳟饲料中添加蛋氨酸效果最好,丙氨酸、胱氨酸、甘氨酸也可促进摄食;斑点叉尾(鱼回)饲料中添加胱氨酸效果最好,蛋氨酸、丙氨酸也可增进食欲;鲤鱼饲料中添加精氨酸、谷氨酸效果最好,添加蛋氨酸、丙氨酸也有促进采食作用;草鱼饲料中添加脱氨酸效果显著,添加精氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸也有效果。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>复合氨基酸<span lang="EN-US">Rumsey</span>(<span lang="EN-US">1986</span>)认为谷胱甘肽(<span lang="EN-US">GSH</span>)是鳟、鲑开食的有效诱食剂。在饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">0.5</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">0</span>%酪蛋白氨基酸胶诱食效果较好。过世东(<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>)试验表明,复合氨基酸(<span lang="EN-US">g</span>/<span lang="EN-US">kg</span>,<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>丙氨酸<span lang="EN-US">2</span>.<span lang="EN-US">85</span>、甘氨酸<span lang="EN-US">5</span>.<span lang="EN-US">08</span>、<span lang="EN-US"> L</span>一组氨酸<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">39</span>、<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>脯氨酸<span lang="EN-US">2</span>.<span lang="EN-US">17</span>)可使白仔鳗的摄食量增加<span lang="EN-US">10</span>.<span lang="EN-US">8</span>%,生长率提高<span lang="EN-US">81</span>.<span lang="EN-US">8</span>%。</span><span style="COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">伍一军(<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>)发现,<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">05mol</span>/<span lang="EN-US">L</span>的<span lang="EN-US">L-</span>丙氨酸对鲤鱼有强烈的诱食效果,而对鲫鱼却无作用。</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">水产养殖中经常将几种氨基酸或氨基酸与核苷酸、三甲胺内酯、荧光物质及其他盐类混合使用,起到协同效应。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">有些天然物质由于含有某些氨基酸和核苷酸、牛磺酸等诱食活性物质,也可用作鱼虾诱食剂。<span lang="EN-US">1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%的蛤仔提取物(活性物质为牛磺酸和甘氨酸)对日本对虾有较好的诱食效果。蚯蚓对虾的诱食作用与赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和甘氨酸等有关,海蚯蚓促摄食物质的主要成分是甘氨酸,其次是丙氨酸和赖氨酸。此外,贝类和虾类的萃取物对幼鳗,杖角类浸出物对鲤鱼,酵母浸出物对日本鳗鲡,均有一定的诱食效果。蔡春芝和王道尊等(<span lang="EN-US">1995</span>)研究发现,<span lang="EN-US">ASL</span>不仅蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成也比较全面,高不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,甜菜碱含量高达<span lang="EN-US">28</span>.<span lang="EN-US">9 mg</span>/<span lang="EN-US">g</span>。饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%<span lang="EN-US">ASL</span>粉对金鱼的诱食作用不仅显著高于空白对照组,而且显著高于化十香组;饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3</span>%<span lang="EN-US">ASL</span>粉,异育银鲫摄食量显著高于对照组,<span lang="EN-US">6</span>周增重率比对照组提高<span lang="EN-US">33</span>%。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>甜菜碱<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>有人在鱼饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">2 </span>%甜菜碱获得了满意的摄食效果(<span lang="EN-US">Nelson</span>,<span lang="EN-US">1991</span>)。在饵料中添加<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">l</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3</span>%甜菜碱,对所有鱼类及甲壳类动物的嗅觉、味觉均有强烈的刺激作用,并能提高幼鱼成活率和对饵料适应性。薛永瑞(<span lang="EN-US">1995</span>)对鲤鱼试验表明,饲料中添加甜菜碱复合物的适宜水平为<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">l</span>%。日本三重大学学者研究发现,所有鱼类味觉感受器对<span lang="EN-US">10<sup>-4</sup>mol</span>的甜菜碱均有反应。在饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%甜菜减,对鱼类、虾等甲壳动物的嗅觉均有强烈的刺激作用,如与氨基酸复配具有更高的诱食效果。阎希柱(<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>)的试验证明,当尼罗罗非鱼饲料中添加甜菜减<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">8</span>%、<span lang="EN-US">1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">0</span>%时,其日增重分别较对照组提高<span lang="EN-US">28</span>.<span lang="EN-US">68</span>%、<span lang="EN-US">29</span>.<span lang="EN-US">48</span>%。阎有利等(<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>)报道,甜菜碱以<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%的比例添加到鲤鱼饲料中,增重提高<span lang="EN-US">41</span>.<span lang="EN-US">78</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">49</span>.<span lang="EN-US">32</span>%,饵料系数分别降低<span lang="EN-US">14</span>.<span lang="EN-US">13</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">24</span>.<span lang="EN-US">16</span>%。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>饲料腥香剂<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>饲料腥香剂应用于水产饲料中有两方面的作用。一是为饲料提供腥香的风味,增强饲料的鲜美程度,提高饲料的适口性和诱食性;二是可以替代一部分鱼粉,配制无鱼粉或低鱼粉日粮。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>其他诱食剂<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DMPT</span>(二甲基<span lang="EN-US">-β-</span>丙酸噻亭)<span lang="EN-US"> DMPT</span>对鱼类具有引诱摄食和促生长的作用。中岛谦二等(<span lang="EN-US">1992</span>)在配合饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US"> 1 mmol</span>/<span lang="EN-US">L DMPT</span>,结果使鲤、鲫等摄食频率提高了<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3</span>~<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">6</span>倍。<span lang="EN-US">DMPT</span>可促进金鱼、鲤等的咬食行为,对各种海淡水鱼类及长臂虾的生长、摄食有不同程度的促进作用,并能改善养殖品种的肉质,使淡水品种呈现海产品风味,从而提高淡水品种的经济价值。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>大蒜素<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>唐建勋(<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>)在鲫鱼饲料中添加<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%~<span lang="EN-US">3</span>%大蒜素粉,其强烈的气味促进了鱼的摄食活动。贾卫斌等(<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>)用碘化改性大蒜素<span lang="EN-US"> 100 mg</span>/<span lang="EN-US">kg</span>饲喂鲤鱼,成活率、增重率和饲料报酬此对照组分别提高了<span lang="EN-US"> 1</span>.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>%、<span lang="EN-US">18</span>.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>%、<span lang="EN-US">10</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3</span>%。大蒜素不仅具有诱食作用,对鱼类的细菌性疾病也有一定的防治效果。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>核苷酸<span lang="EN-US">1984</span>年在英国阿伯丁召开的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>鱼的饲养和营养<span lang="EN-US">”</span>国际专题研讨会上,<span lang="EN-US">Mackie</span>认为核苷酸,如次黄嘌呤核苷是大菱鲆特殊的诱食剂,即使在浓度很低时(<span lang="EN-US">9</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5 x 10<sup>-7 </sup>mol/g</span>饵料)仍有诱食作用。肌苷酸、腺苷三磷酸、腺苷二磷酸对鲍鱼,肌苷酸、腺苷二磷酸、腺苷磷酸对真鲷,肌苷酸、肌苷二磷酸对大菱鲆等,均有诱食效果。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>三甲胺内脂<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>三甲胺内脂通常作为虾类的诱食物质。<span lang="EN-US">Gaw</span>(<span lang="EN-US">1978</span>)在虾的化学感受作用研究中指出,三甲胺内脂与氨基酸复配具有诱食效果。试验表明,三甲胺内脂、氨基酸和核苷酸的混合物对美国大螯虾有诱食作用。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>脂肪<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>脂肪对鱼类也有一定的诱食效果。羊油对甲鱼诱食效果比味精、甜菜碱、大蒜素等单一原料显著。王道尊等(<span lang="EN-US">1980</span>)用<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%亚油酸(<span lang="EN-US">18</span>:<span lang="EN-US">2 n</span>-<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)、<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%亚麻酸(<span lang="EN-US">18</span>:<span lang="EN-US">3 n</span>-<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)及鱼油养青鱼,结果增重率分别比对照组提高了<span lang="EN-US">54</span>.<span lang="EN-US">9</span>%、<span lang="EN-US">5</span>.<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%和<span lang="EN-US">60</span>.<span lang="EN-US">7</span>%。刘梅珍等(<span lang="EN-US">1992</span>)在饵料中添加<span lang="EN-US"> 2 </span>%及<span lang="EN-US">5</span>%脂肪培育团头鲂鱼种,结果增重率分别比对照组提高了<span lang="EN-US">11</span>.<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%和<span lang="EN-US">8</span>.<span lang="EN-US">33</span>%。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">6 </span>中草药<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>中草药及其某些提取物也有促进鱼类摄食的作用。日本学者发现黄柏水抽提液浓度为<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">005</span>%以上时有诱食作用,<span lang="EN-US">0</span>.<span lang="EN-US">05</span>%时效果较好,浓度再增加诱食效果没有再增加。部分植物挥发油如阿魏酸和辟汗草的提取物对小虾、小杂鱼、黄鳝和对虾有较强的诱食作用,可用于制作钓鱼饵料的添加物。洋葱、阿魏酸中因含有含硫的挥发性低分子有机物而具有特殊气味,其强烈的蒜香对多数鱼类的嗅觉有刺激作用,能吸引其采食。黄柏主要含有黄连素,对鱼类有诱食作用。另外,新鲜水果(如葡萄、樱桃、甜瓜、柿子等)的提取液对鱼类也有一定的诱食作用。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">.<span lang="EN-US">4</span>.<span lang="EN-US">7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>动物提取物<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>马明和(<span lang="EN-US">1981</span>)用蚯蚓浆液作诱食物质,可提高对虾摄食量,增加摄食次数。用蚯蚓作为诱食剂可有效提高鱼虾的摄食量、采食率和增重率。据报道水蚯蚓、牛肝、蚕蛹干、带鱼内脏和鱼干等的水提取液对南方鲶仔鱼有较好的诱食效果。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">诱食剂的研究方向<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">今后应在以下几方面加强诱食剂的研究工作:<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)对应用于诱食的动物原料,如虾、蟹、蚌、海胆、乌贼、贻贝、牛肝、水蚤、蚕蛹等,研究分离提取出其诱食成分,并作定量分析。<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)充分利用我国特有的中草药资源,筛选出有诱食作用的中草药,分析其有效成分。引诱食成分之间的相互作用及作用机理。<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)不同鱼类对诱食成分的种类、含量要求。<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)影响摄食物质的确定与消除方法。<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)增强诱食剂对鱼类的营养和抗病作用,提高鱼类免疫力,促进鱼类生长。<span lang="EN-US">7</span>)几乎所有的甜味剂对水产动物都有诱食作用,但甜味物质是否对鱼类的消化吸收有生理性的影响,还需进一步研究。<span lang="EN-US">8</span>)选取来源广、价廉、加工提取方便的原料。<span lang="EN-US">9</span>)根据不同鱼类的要求,探索高效诱食剂的人工合成和工业化生产的工艺和最佳配方。</span></font></font></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-1-11 11:05:01编辑过]
|